Business
Ghana’s Proposed ICT Law Would Jail Unlicensed Website Builders and Phone Repairers, Analysts Warn
A draft bill being considered by Ghana’s Ministry of Communications, Digital Technology, and Innovations would transform the National Information Technology Agency (NITA) into a powerful digital-sector regulator with authority to imprison individuals who operate unlicensed ICT businesses, potentially including freelance web developers, phone repairers, software programmers, and even self-taught AI users.
Section 35 of the draft NITA Bill states that no person may “engage in a business or related activity in the ICT sector” without a licence from NITA, expressly including the installation of ICT infrastructure, development or provision of ICT products and services, and activities requiring licensing or certification . Violators face fines of 2,000 to 5,000 penalty units and up to two years in prison.
Technology policy analyst Bright Simons, vice president of IMANI Africa, warns that the bill’s sweeping language would criminalize everyday digital work.
“Is the government of Ghana going to insist on licensing every single person who builds a website, uses Microsoft Power BI to create charts for a company, or deploys AI to craft flyers?” Simons writes in a detailed critique.
The penalties extend further. Section 46 of the bill would prohibit any public or private institution from appointing an “ICT professional” unless certified by NITA. Section 90 makes providing ICT services without a license, or falsely claiming certified status, equally punishable.
“The Real Threat Picture”
The proposed law has drawn sharp condemnation from technology professionals, startup founders, and policy analysts who describe it as a potential “digital command economy” that could cripple Ghana’s nascent tech sector.
In a detailed analysis widely circulated on social media, a commentator writing as BlackStarPatriot warned that Parliament is considering “a bill that decides who can build Ghana’s digital future, who can work in it, and who can go to prison for touching a keyboard without permission.”
The post added: “We are not talking about fraud or cybercrime. We are talking about writing code and shipping products without a government permission slip.”
Technology blogger and digital policy commentator MacJordan Degadjor focused particular criticism on Sections 35 to 37, warning that provisions limiting licenses to companies wholly owned by Ghanaian citizens would deter foreign investment and venture capital.
“This directly threatens the foreign capital, partnerships, and expertise that fuel Ghanaian success stories,” he said, citing homegrown firms Hubtel and mPharma as examples of what is at stake.
Data scientist Alfred, posting on X, warned that Ghana risked undoing years of digital sector progress. He specifically criticized proposals requiring technology professionals to obtain NITA certification before working in either the public or private sector.
The Legal Foundation Dispute
The government has pushed back forcefully against the criticism. Communications Minister Samuel Nartey George insists that NITA is simply enforcing existing legislation, not proposing new powers.
“The Ministry is simply ENFORCING existing legislation that has been on our books since 2008, 2023 and 2025. The proposed new legislation has NOT even been laid before Parliament,” George said in a Facebook post.
He cited the National Information Technology Agency Act, 2008 (Act 771), the Electronic Transactions Act, 2008 (Act 772), the Fees and Charges (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations, 2023 (L.I. 2481), and the 2025 amendment, L.I. 2512, as the legal basis for NITA’s current enforcement regime . George challenged critics to identify any enforcement action by NITA that falls outside the scope of these existing laws and described allegations against the agency as “spurious,” accusing critics of jumping on “bandwagon trends” without understanding the legal framework.
NITA itself issued a clarification arguing that its authority predates the draft bill and is grounded in Acts 771 and 772 of 2008, as well as Legislative Instruments passed by Parliament.
The agency noted that accreditation fees of 20,000 cedis (approximately US$1,900) for fintech firms and 10,000 cedis for e-commerce operators already exist under current regulations and are not newly created by the pending legislation.
A “Ridiculous” Definition of ICT Professionals
Simons argues that the fundamental flaw in the bill is its attempt to treat “ICT professional” as a unified category requiring state licensing, comparable to nurses, lawyers, or engineers, when in reality the term covers vastly different occupations.
“Is the government of Ghana going to insist on licensing every single person in Ghana who builds a website?” Simons asks.
He notes that international occupational systems such as Eurostat and O*NET list dozens of distinct computer occupations, software developers, network architects, cybersecurity analysts, database administrators, web developers, data scientists, support specialists, QA testers, and IT project managers, among them, all operating under the vague “IT professional” umbrella.
He warns that under no circumstances should any government “poke its long nose into stuff like ‘writing code,’ ‘installing a router,’ ‘maintaining a school website,’ ‘handling some graphic design,’ ‘being a product manager at a food delivery company,’ ‘using AI to generate a UI for a service,’ or ‘working in an IT department of a small law firm’”.
The risks, he argues, are not national-scale, and employers should be left to manage their own personnel validation.
The rise of AI, Simons adds, has thrown a wrench into the entire definition. “A founder describes an app to a model, a non-technical employee uses AI to build an internal workflow, a designer generates front-end code… Who is the ‘ICT professional’ here? The geography graduate with a few hours on Reddit typing out prompts? The AI tool vendor? The person who clicks deploy?”
Citizen-Only Ownership Clause Raises Investment Fears
Section 37 of the draft bill requires that any license applicant must be an adult Ghanaian citizen or a company “wholly owned by a citizen.” Simons describes this clause as “potentially devastating,” warning that Ghanaian startups with foreign venture capital, non-citizen co-founders, regional holding structures, offshore investors, or employee stock held by non-citizens would struggle to qualify for ICT licenses.
“The same government that markets Ghana as a digital hub is writing ‘locals only’ into law,” the BlackStarPatriot analysis noted.
Analysts warn this could contradict Ghana’s commitments under ECOWAS free movement and establishment principles and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) services liberalization framework.
Overlapping Regulation and Informality Concerns
Simons and other analysts also highlight the problem of regulatory duplication. A fintech company in Ghana already faces potential oversight from the Cyber Security Authority, Data Protection Commission, National Communications Authority, Bank of Ghana, Ghana Standards Authority, Public Procurement Authority, GIPC, and the Engineering Council. The NITA bill would add another layer of licensing, audits, and approvals.
John Sitsofe Mensah, a technology policy analyst at IMANI Africa, described NITA’s push as “regulation by invoicing”—attempting to extract a substantive regulatory mandate out of a consolidated financial instrument. He noted that Section 38(1) of Act 772 contains an explicit prohibition: “A license shall not be issued or granted by the Agency to an individual” .
The informal ICT economy, laptop repairers, phone technicians, CCTV installers, router vendors, fiber contractors, school computer-lab maintainers, POS support agents, market traders selling peripherals, and cybercafé operators, could be devastated, analysts warn.
“If enforced aggressively, the scheme could raise the cost of basic repairs and installations, push informal technicians further underground, create opportunities for inspectors to extract bribes, and reduce access to affordable hardware support in rural and low-income areas,” Simons writes.
Path Forward
Simons and other analysts have proposed a more targeted approach: replace the broad Section 35 ban with a schedule of genuinely high-risk activities (critical public digital infrastructure, financial services cybersecurity auditing, Tier II and III data center operations); rewrite Section 46 so certification applies only to defined risk roles in the public sector; add exemptions for small businesses, hobbyists, and internal IT work; and remove the citizen-only ownership rule.
“A careful NITA law could be one of Ghana’s most groundbreaking digital economy reforms—especially if it focuses on fixing wasteful, opaque public ICT procurement,” Simons concludes. “But a careless version could become a massive burden on a struggling, still nascent technology sector. The draft bill tilts more to the latter than the former.”
The Ministry of Communications maintains that the draft bill remains under stakeholder consultation and has not yet been laid before Parliament. However, with mounting opposition from across Ghana’s tech ecosystem, the legislation faces an uncertain path forward.
Key Facts at a Glance
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Proposed Law | Draft NITA Bill (under stakeholder consultation, not yet before Parliament) |
| Key Provision (Section 35) | No person may engage in ICT business without NITA licence |
| Penalties | Fines of 2,000–5,000 penalty units + up to 2 years imprisonment |
| Scope | Includes software dev, web design, phone repair, cloud hosting, SaaS, digital platforms |
| Ownership Rule (Section 37) | Licences only for adult Ghanaian citizens or wholly citizen-owned entities |
| Certification (Section 46) | No public/private institution may appoint ICT pro without NITA certification |
| Government Position | Enforcing existing laws (Acts 771, 772; L.I. 2481, 2512) – not a new bill |
| Critics | Bright Simons (IMANI), MacJordan Degadjor, tech startups, freelance developers |
Business
US Eyes AI, Drones, and Rural 5G as Next Frontier in Ghana Partnership
The United States is positioning emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, drone logistics, and rural 5G connectivity as the next frontier in its bilateral relationship with Ghana.
The move signals a strategic shift from traditional aid toward investment-driven partnership, Chargé d’Affaires Rolf Olson has announced.
Speaking at a celebratory event marking the 250th anniversary of American independence, Olson declared that the U.S.-Ghana relationship is entering a new phase defined by “not dependence, but resilience” and “a two-way exchange of investment, innovation, and expertise.”

While acknowledging ongoing changes to the US foreign assistance framework, he emphasized that America remains the largest financial contributor to health emergencies across Africa — including $200 million to the current Ebola response — but pointed to commercial technology ventures as the model for future collaboration.
“As we greet this next phase of our partnership, we see enormous potential for U.S.-Ghana collaboration and commerce in emerging sectors – from digital technology to artificial intelligence, from advanced agriculture to cutting-edge energy techniques,” Olson told an audience of government officials, diplomats, and business leaders in Accra. “Ghana’s young innovators are positioned well to seize these types of opportunities.”
The Chargé d’Affaires highlighted concrete examples of technology-driven partnerships already underway.
He cited Zipline’s drone delivery network, which has completed 800,000 medical deliveries in Ghana since 2019, saving an estimated 10,000 lives, including 1,600 through emergency transport of snake anti-venom alone.
He also revealed US support for deploying “cutting-edge wireless technology at hundreds of base stations across Ghana,” aimed at expanding rural connectivity and bridging the digital divide across West Africa.
Olson framed the vision within a broader narrative of economic self-sufficiency, noting that more than 100 American companies are active in Ghana across energy, technology, and agriculture.
He pointed to Newmont, the single largest taxpayer in Ghana, where 99% of the workforce, including the Country Manager, is Ghanaian. Bilateral trade in goods and services reached approximately $4 billion last year, a figure Olson said “can grow.”
The diplomatic push comes alongside deepened security cooperation. Olson confirmed that just this week, US law enforcement handed over Sedina Tamakloe Attionu to Ghanaian authorities, fulfilling an extradition request, while Ghana has extradited multiple individuals wanted in the US for cyber-related fraud that has stolen tens of millions of dollars from American victims.
Reflecting on the historical ties that bind the two nations, from Richard Nixon meeting Martin Luther King Jr. in Accra in 1957 to Ghana being the first country to welcome Peace Corps volunteers in 1961, Olson concluded that the relationship is now mature enough to pivot toward technology, trade, and mutual resilience.
“Two hundred and fifty years into America’s independence and nearly 70 years into Ghana’s, we look to the future with optimism, confidence, and renewed purpose,” he said.
Business
How Ghana Is Selling Itself as Africa’s Factory Floor for Belarus
President John Dramani Mahama has positioned Ghana as a manufacturing and distribution gateway for Belarusian industry, pitching the country as a strategic entry point to Africa’s unified market of 1.4 billion people under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).
Speaking at the maiden Ghana–Belarus Business Forum in Minsk, President Mahama announced that Belarusian manufacturers of mining equipment will visit Ghana next week, following an agreement between both nations.
The visit signals a potential shift in how Belarusian heavy industry could serve African markets – not merely through exports from Eastern Europe, but through locally established operations within Ghana.
“The investors who establish operations in Ghana gain access not only to a domestic market of 34 million people, but also to the wider African market through the AfCFTA,” President Mahama told the forum. He noted that the trade bloc covers 1.3 billion people with a combined gross domestic product of US$1.3 trillion.
The President’s pitch rests on three pillars: market access, infrastructure investment, and regulatory stability. He highlighted Ghana’s US$10 billion five-year Big Push Infrastructure Programme, which prioritizes roads, railways, ports, airports, energy systems, and logistics networks.
These investments, he said, are designed to improve connectivity, reduce business costs, and enhance competitiveness for firms that establish local manufacturing or assembly operations.
“Investors today seek certainty, stability, and market access, and I can assure you Ghana provides all these three,” Mahama stated. “Our political credentials are strong, our legal and regulatory systems are transparent, investor protection is robust, and we guarantee repatriation of profits.”
The President also noted that Belarusian companies possess relevant expertise in transport infrastructure, power systems, industrial parks, logistics, road construction, railway development, and renewable energy – all sectors where Ghana is actively seeking foreign partnership.
For Belarus, a nation under sustained Western sanctions, deepening economic ties with Ghana offers an alternative channel to participate in one of the world’s fastest-growing continental markets. Rather than exporting finished mining equipment from Minsk, Belarusian manufacturers could establish assembly plants or joint ventures in Ghana, taking advantage of AfCFTA rules to distribute across the continent without the tariff barriers that would apply to direct exports from Europe.
President Mahama framed the opportunity in unequivocal terms: “For businesses seeking a strategic gateway into Africa, Ghana remains one of the continent’s most attractive destinations.”
The upcoming visit by Belarusian manufacturers will test whether that pitch translates into concrete investment. Industry observers will be watching for announcements on local assembly facilities, technology transfer agreements, and the scale of Belarusian commitment to Ghana’s industrialization agenda.
If successful, the partnership could serve as a template for how other non-African manufacturing nations – particularly those from Eastern Europe and Asia – use Ghana as a beachhead to serve the continent’s rapidly growing demand for industrial equipment, infrastructure inputs, and heavy machinery. If not, the visit may produce little more than diplomatic communiqués.
For now, Ghana has made its case. The next move belongs to Belarus.
Business
Ghana’s Small-Scale Miners Now Produce Most of Its Gold
For the first time in more than a century, small-scale miners have overtaken large-scale producers as Ghana’s primary source of gold, raising urgent questions about whether regulators can manage the environmental, social, and fiscal consequences of this historic shift.
According to the 2025 annual report released late Friday by the Ghana Chamber of Mines, the country’s total gold output rose by 23.41 percent to 5.94 million ounces, up from 4.82 million ounces in 2024.
The surge was driven almost entirely by the small-scale sector, which recorded a 63.82 percent increase in production – from 1.9 million ounces in 2024 to 3.11 million ounces in 2025.
As a result, small-scale mining now accounts for 52.4 percent of national gold output, overtaking large-scale producers for the first time in over a hundred years.
Michael Edem Akafia, the chamber’s outgoing president, presented the findings in Accra and attributed the performance to high output from small-scale operations. He projected that total gold production for 2026 could reach at least six million ounces, contingent on continued investment in the sector.
Ghana has long been one of Africa’s leading gold producers, with the precious metal remaining a critical pillar of the national economy.
However, the rapid ascent of small-scale mining presents a complex regulatory challenge. While the sector generates employment and foreign exchange, it has also been associated with environmental degradation, including water pollution from mercury use, deforestation, and damage to farmlands – a set of activities often linked to unlicensed operators known locally as galamsey.
Industry observers note that the production surge does not distinguish between licensed artisanal miners and informal operators. This ambiguity complicates efforts to track revenue, enforce environmental standards, and ensure that mining communities benefit from the wealth being extracted.
The Chamber of Mines has previously called for stricter monitoring of small-scale operations, as well as greater support for formalization.
Without effective regulation, analysts warn, the economic gains from the gold boom could be undercut by long-term environmental liabilities and lost state revenue from smuggling or under-declaration.
President John Dramani Mahama’s government now faces pressure to strike a delicate balance: encouraging the small-scale sector that has become the engine of gold growth while curbing the illegal and environmentally destructive practices that have long accompanied it.
The coming year will test whether Ghana’s regulatory framework can evolve as quickly as its mining landscape has changed. With output expected to climb further in 2026, the world is watching to see whether the country can turn a historic production milestone into sustainable and accountable prosperity.
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