In this article, researcher Joseph McCarthy analyzes the security dilemma created by the withdrawal of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger from ECOWAS to form the Alliance of Sahel States (AES). As the jihadist insurgency led by groups like JNIM becomes increasingly transnational and expands toward coastal nations like Ghana, Benin, and Togo, the regional mechanisms … Continue reading A Borderless Insurgency, a Divided Response: The ECOWAS–AES Security Dilemma